Ancient Chinese Civil Service Exams

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  In one such project, cartographers created detailed maps of each province and city that were then collected in a large atlas. From its inception under Taizu, the Song dynasty alternated between warfare and diplomacy with the ethnic Khitans of the...

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  The Song dynasty used military force in an attempt to quell the Liao dynasty and to recapture the Sixteen Prefectures , a territory under Khitan control since that was traditionally considered to be part of China proper Most parts of today's Beijing...

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• Chinese Poetry

  The Jurchen , a subject tribe of the Liao, rebelled against them and formed their own state, the Jin dynasty — During the joint attack, the Song's northern expedition army removed the defensive forest along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of the previous defensive forest, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Kaifeng. The Jurchen conquest of North China and shift of capitals from Kaifeng to Lin'an was the dividing line between the Northern and Southern Song dynasties. After their fall to the Jin, the Song lost control of North China. Now occupying what has been traditionally known as "China Proper," the Jin regarded themselves the rightful rulers of China. The Jin later chose earth as their dynastic element and yellow as their royal color. According to the theory of the Five Elements wuxing , the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, their ideological move showed that the Jin considered Song reign in China complete, with the Jin replacing the Song as the rightful rulers of China Proper.

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• Chinese Examination System

  The western and southern borders remain unchanged from the previous map, however the north of the Qinling Huaihe Line was under control of the Jin dynasty. The Xia dynasty's territory generally remain unchanged. In the southwest, the Song dynasty bordered a territory about a sixth its size, the Dali dynasty. Although weakened and pushed south beyond the Huai River , the Southern Song found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend itself against the Jin dynasty. It had able military officers such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong.

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• Imperial Examination

  The government sponsored massive shipbuilding and harbor improvement projects, and the construction of beacons and seaport warehouses to support maritime trade abroad, including at the major international seaports , such as Quanzhou , Guangzhou , and Xiamen , that were sustaining China's commerce. During these battles the Song navy employed swift paddle wheel driven naval vessels armed with traction trebuchet catapults aboard the decks that launched gunpowder bombs. A century after the navy was founded it had grown in size to 52, fighting marines. A head sculpture of an arhat , 11th Century. A seated wooden Bodhisattva statue, Jin dynasty — A wooden Bodhisattva statue from the Song dynasty — The Song government confiscated portions of land owned by the landed gentry in order to raise revenue for these projects, an act which caused dissension and loss of loyalty amongst leading members of Song society but did not stop the Song's defensive preparations.

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• Civil Service Examinations In Ancient And Medieval Imperial China

  The Mongols , led by Genghis Khan r. Although Hulagu was allied with Kublai Khan , his forces were unable to help in the assault against the Song, due to Hulagu's war with the Golden Horde. In , a Song force of , troops under Chancellor Jia Sidao was defeated by Kublai's newly appointed commander-in-chief, general Bayan. The last remaining ruler, the year-old emperor Emperor Huaizong of Song , committed suicide, along with Prime Minister Lu Xiufu [57] and members of the royal clan.

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• 10 Interesting Facts About China's Imperial Examination System

  On Kublai's orders, carried out by his commander Bayan, the rest of the former imperial family of Song were unharmed; the deposed Emperor Gong was demoted, being given the title 'Duke of Ying', but was eventually exiled to Tibet where he took up a monastic life. The former emperor would eventually be forced to commit suicide under the orders of Kublai's great-great grandson, Gegeen Khan , out of fear that Emperor Gong would stage a coup to restore his reign.

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• Song Dynasty

  Culture and society[ edit ] Main articles: Culture of the Song dynasty and Society of the Song dynasty A city gate of Shaoxing , Zhejiang province, built in during the Song Dynasty The Song dynasty [59] was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million. Although women were on a lower social tier than men according to Confucian ethics , they enjoyed many social and legal privileges and wielded considerable power at home and in their own small businesses. As Song society became more and more prosperous and parents on the bride's side of the family provided larger dowries for her marriage, women naturally gained many new legal rights in ownership of property. Tansen Sen asserts that more Buddhist monks from India travelled to China during the Song than in the previous Tang dynasty — There were entertainment quarters in the cities providing a constant array of amusements.

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• The Chinese Imperial Examination System

  There were puppeteers, acrobats, theatre actors, sword swallowers, snake charmers, storytellers , singers and musicians, prostitutes, and places to relax, including tea houses, restaurants, and organized banquets. Civil service examinations and the gentry[ edit ].

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• Scholar-Officials

  Cheating in Examinations for Cheapskates? For the rest, read on at your own risk. Cotsen In a recent effort to organize textile materials from the Chinese collection, I came across a piece of yellowing silk. Fraying in a few spots, the satin measures 6 x 29 inches and has been folded thrice into a fraction of the size. One side is covered with minuscule text written in brush calligraphy. The satin sheet was not meant as an exhibition of calligraphic virtuosity to be proudly displayed, however. On the contrary, its purpose was to discreetly pack as much content as possible onto a long strip of fabric, which could be smuggled as a cheat sheet into a civil service examination. Detail of the cheat sheet. Cotsen The civil service examination system was a method of recruiting officials in imperial China from to Elman Designed to be a merit-based system, it gave boys and men in premodern Chinese society a hope—however slim—of upward social mobility, regardless of family background.

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• Chinese Civil Service Examination Essay

  We have no information about the provenance of the cheat sheet. Who owned it? Who composed the content? Were the essay author and the test taker the same person? Was the satin ever slipped into an examination hall and used for cheating? For which level of exam were the essays prepared—county, provincial, or even higher? One safe conclusion we can draw is that the cheat sheet was prepared before , when the imperial examination system was abolished, during the twilight of the Qing dynasty. Fading text in red at the center of the third section. Cotsen As many as eleven essays are packed onto the silk.

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• 2,000 Years Of Examinations In China

  We know this because the sheet is punctuated by eleven short passages in red ink, which are quotations taken from Confucian classics. Civil servant candidates were evaluated by their literary talent and classical learning Elman , as reflected in their essay responses to Confucian canon. I imagine the anonymous test taker had selected the quotes, based on some sort of guesswork, and had prepared answers in black ink beforehand.

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• What Was Imperial China's Civil Service Exam System?

  Unfortunately, the red ink has faded considerably. If we allow the conjecture that the eleven essays have been organized around the theme of yi, then there might even be additional cheat sheets, each organized around one Confucian principle, such as ren benevolence and li ritual , which would significantly enlarge the magnitude of the cheating project. Timeless Teachings Cheating notwithstanding, the yi-themed quotes still resonate in the twenty-first century. Take the fifth quote, for example. Qu Boyu sent an emissary to Confucius. What an emissary! The brief exchange sketches a respected nobleman, whose greatness lay not in unattainable perfection but humility and the continual pursuit of self-improvement.

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• Living In The Chinese Cosmos | Asia For Educators

  The eighth quote is taken from a conversation between King Hui of Liang and Mencius. Mencius expressed his view that a true ruler knows when it is important to intervene and when it is wise to stay out of the way, if his people are to prosper and enjoy life. If a state does not interfere with the people during the growing season, there will be more grain than the people can eat. If you regulate fishing nets so that fine-woven ones may not be used in the pools and ponds, there will be more fish than the people can eat. Confucius traveled to the state of Wei, and Ran You drove his chariot. Analects 13 These teachings will not go out of date anytime soon.

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• Chinese Civil Service | History, Facts, Exam, & Bureaucracy | Britannica

  East Asian Library JQ Plaks, however, convincingly challenged the practicality of the notion, not just based on the prominent size of the garment. Plaks was interested in the essay responses as examples of classical-prose writing, known as the bagu style. The cheat sheet should be of significance to the scholarly community invested in the history of Chinese civil service examinations, the bagu-style essays, and the application of digital methods to break new ground. For the rest of us, it stands as a reminder to think of yi before unfolding the cloth.

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• CHINESE IMPERIAL EXAMS

  Confucius sat with him and questioned him. Accessed 25 March Elman, Benjamin A. Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation. Plaks, Andrew H. Edited by Dr. Share this:.

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• Chinese Civil Service Examination Essay - Words | Bartleby

  The system continued to play a major role, not only in education and government, but also in society itself, throughout Qing times. The civil service examination system was squarely based upon the Confucian classics and upon recognized commentaries on those classics. The examination system was the basic support for the ongoing study of the Confucian classics during late-imperial times and could be said to have been the impetus behind the school curriculum that was followed all over China, even at the level of the village school for young boys. In imperial times educational opportunities were far more restricted for girls and women than were for boys. Some girls did get an education, but this was a minority. The Confucian tradition was institutionally upheld by the imperial state in a very direct way. The opening lessons in the curriculum that gave these children basic literacy were the Confucian classics and other approved texts.

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• The Literati | World Civilization

  For a young boy, simply going to school meant beginning the early part of the very curriculum which, if he succeeded at every level, would propel him into the examination system. What this curriculum meant, among other things, was absolute mastery of key Confucian texts. The vast majority of boys did not participate in the examinations; in fact, a relatively large percentage of boys ended schooling no later than after the first five or six years.

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• History Of Psychological Assessment: Chinese Use Of Essay Examinations For Civil Service

  Some scholars estimate that as a result, as much as 40 percent of Chinese males at that time were literate. Having achieved this level of education, the vast majority of boys simply left school and went about their lives. This was true of boys from merchant as well as farming families. Only those from wealthier families or showing exceptional promise and having wealthy sponsors who were impressed by their potential could continue their studies and compete in the examination system. The lowest level of the Chinese imperial administration was the county seat, and in the county seat one took the preliminary examination, which, if passed, qualified one to take the examination at the second level, which was at the prefectoral district seat.

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  The third-level examinations were given in the provincial capitol, and the fourth and highest level of examinations were given in the imperial palace itself. Theoretically, he was to proctor the palace exams, although in practice he sent someone to represent him in that capacity. Those who only passed at the provincial-level juren became part of an important provincial elite and held enormous power at that level.

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• Ancient Chinese Civil Service Facts For Kids | Savvy Leo

  Many of these provincial degree-holders could be called to government service, though this was not automatic. Those who only passed at the prefectoral level xiucai had the most common imperial degree in China. The holders of this degree took positions of leadership in their villages and towns and also became school teachers, maintaining the very educational system in which they themselves had achieved success. Even a youth from the poorest family could theoretically join the ranks of the educated elite by succeeding in the examination system. The hope of social mobility through success in this system was the motivation for going to school in the first place, whether one was the son of a scholar or a farmer. This curricular uniformity had an extremely powerful effect on Chinese society, and the major impetus for this uniformity was the meritocracy promoted by the civil service examination system.

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• Imperial Examinations (Keju) For Government Service In Ancient China

  In B. By B. Scholars were tested for their proficiency in the Six Arts: music; archery and horsemanship; arithmetic; writing; and knowledge of the rituals and ceremonies, both public and those described in the Five Classics. The Sui introduced a rule that the officials of a prefecture must be appointees of the central government rather than local aristocrats, and that the local militia was to be subject to the officials appointed by the central government. Those who hoped to enter the upper levels of the bureaucracy then competed in the chin-shih exams, which tested their knowledge of the Confucian Classics. Throughout China, public schools were established for the benefit of those who were talented but indigent. Officials related by blood or marriage were forbidden to engage in business together, and members and relatives of the imperial family were not allowed to hold high positions. Higher-level Sung officials were recruited by passing the chin-shih degree.

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• Imperial Examinations (Keju) For Government Service In Ancient China – Brewminate

  After , the chin-shih examinations were held every three years, and were open to anyone who had passed the qualifying tests on the local level. No official was permitted to serve in his home district, and officials were rotated every three years to prevent hem from building up a power base. The subject matter of the examinations was limited to the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism. Regional recruitment quotas were set to prevent any one region from predominating, and precautions were taken against cheating. By , the examinations lasted between 24 and 72 hours, and were conducted in spare, isolated examination rooms; sometimes, however, it was held in cubicles. The small rooms featured two boards which could be placed together to form a bed, or placed on different levels to serve as a desk and chair.

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• The Chinese Imperial Examination System

  The examinations were often criticized because the ability to do well on the examination did not necessarily reflect the ability to govern well, and because they gave precedence to style over content and originality of thought. The Confucian examinations were finally abolished by the Qing dynasty in as part of its modernization program, and the civil service system was overthrown along with the Qing government in the Revolution of The short-lived Taiping regime was the first in Chinese history to admit women as candidates in the examination system. After the fall of Qing Dynasty in , Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the newly risen Republic of China, developed similar procedures for the new political system through an institution called the Examination Yuan, although this was quickly suspended due to the turmoil caused by regional warlords and the Japanese invasion between the two World Wars. The Examination Yuan continues to exist as one of the five branches of government in the Republic of China on Taiwan.

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• Chinese Examination System | Infoplease

  Purpose of Imperial Examination System Candidates gathering around the wall where the results had been posted. In reality, since the process of studying for the examination tended to be time-consuming and costly if tutors were hired , most of the candidates came from the small group of relatively wealthy land-owning gentry. However, there are a number of examples in Chinese history of individuals who moved from a low social status to political prominence through success in the imperial examination. Under some dynasties the imperial bureaucracy became corrupt, examinations were abolished and official posts were either sold or given as political rewards. At these times, the public morale diminished, and some type of reform was often introduced to restore traditional Confucian values in the government.

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